{"id":898,"date":"2021-12-30T08:28:34","date_gmt":"2021-12-30T08:28:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bhrtr.org\/?p=898"},"modified":"2022-10-30T17:26:14","modified_gmt":"2022-10-30T17:26:14","slug":"eco-oro-minerals-corp-v-republic-of-colombia-karari-hakkinda-bir-degerlendirme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bhrtr.org\/tr\/2021\/12\/30\/eco-oro-minerals-corp-v-republic-of-colombia-karari-hakkinda-bir-degerlendirme\/","title":{"rendered":"Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia Karar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Bir De\u011ferlendirme*"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column_text]\n
“<\/span>Fazlas\u0131yla ses getiren ve olumsuz ele\u015ftirilere tabi tutulan\u00a0Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia\u00a0<\/i>karar\u0131nda yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u015firket, daval\u0131 devlet Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n P\u00e1ramo ekosistemini korumak i\u00e7in ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin, onun ilgili imtiyaz s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131ndaki haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlali etti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve bu ba\u011flamda davan\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana sorunsal\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m tahkiminde ne ilk ne de son olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/i>“<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia <\/em>karar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok yeni tarihli bir karar olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen fazlas\u0131yla ses getirdi\u011fi ve ciddi tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Karar\u0131n hemen ertesinde karar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi amac\u0131yla akademik toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve karar -bilhassa sosyal medya \u00fczerinden de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere- farkl\u0131 akademisyenlerin olumsuz ele\u015ftirilerini \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Peki karar\u0131 bu kadar g\u00fcndeme getiren nokta ne olmu\u015ftur?[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Eco Oro Minerals Corporation ile Kolombiya aras\u0131ndaki dava, bir tarafta yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n ilgili serbest ticaret anla\u015fmas\u0131na dayal\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ile di\u011fer tarafta \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.[1] Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede davan\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana sorunsal\u0131n, Alamos Gold \u015firketinin T\u00fcrkiye aleyhine ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dava da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa, yat\u0131r\u0131m tahkiminde ne ilk ne de son olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[2] \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, Covid-19 salg\u0131n\u0131, biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin \u00f6nemli derecede kayb\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rler, devletleri art\u0131k \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda somut \u00f6nlemler almaya zorlamaktad\u0131r.[3] \u00a0Ne var ki, devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131 bu yeni d\u00f6neme\u00e7te farkl\u0131 payda\u015flar\u0131n ve \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 talepleri ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalabilmekte ve bu da dava konusu olan olayda oldu\u011fu gibi bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][image_with_animation image_url=”900″ animation=”Fade In” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column_text]\n
P\u00e1ramo Ekosistemi<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column_text]Bu ba\u011flamda, olayda davac\u0131 \u015firket, daval\u0131 devlet Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n, P\u00e1ramo ekosistemini korumak i\u00e7in ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin (measures<\/em>), onun ilgili imtiyaz s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131ndaki haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[4]Dava, Kanada ve Kolombiya aras\u0131ndaki Serbest Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na (Free Trade Agreement<\/em>) dayanarak a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f [5] ve davac\u0131 \u015firket, bu anla\u015fman\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ve asgari muamele standard\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ihlal edildi\u011fini iddia etmi\u015ftir.[6] Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya ili\u015fkin ihlal iddialar\u0131n\u0131 reddeden heyet, asgari muamele standard\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise ihlal tespit etmi\u015ftir. [7]\n

<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column_text]Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara sadece haklar tan\u0131y\u0131p onlar\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerden muaf tutan yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n asimetrik formu yat\u0131r\u0131m hukukuna y\u00f6nelik bir ters tepkinin \u201cbacklash<\/em>\u201d [8] olu\u015fmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalara binaen d\u00fcnyada \u201cyeni jenerasyon yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131\u201d olarak isimlendirilen yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzalanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni jenerasyon yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara da \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler tan\u0131nmakta ve devletin d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131na (right to regulate<\/em>) vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. [9] Kas\u0131m 2008\u2019de imzalan\u0131p A\u011fustos 2011\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Kanada ve Kolombiya aras\u0131ndaki FTA, yer verdi\u011fi genel istisna h\u00fckm\u00fcnden dolay\u0131 yeni jenerasyon yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda konumland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Nitekim Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia <\/em>karar\u0131n\u0131 bu kadar tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 yapan nokta, anla\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bu istisna h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn hakem heyeti taraf\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlanmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column_text]FTA\u2019n\u0131n, 2201\/3. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen istisna h\u00fckm\u00fc; FTA\u2019daki hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin, bu t\u00fcr \u00f6nlemlerin keyfi veya haks\u0131z bir ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil etmemesi veya ticaret veya yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinde \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama olu\u015fturmamas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla, \u00e7evreyi korumak i\u00e7in bir Taraf\u0131n gerekli \u00f6nlemleri almas\u0131n\u0131 veya uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek \u015fekilde \u015fekilde yorumlanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. [10] Hakem heyeti, s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fckm\u00fc de\u011ferlendirirken, Viyana Andla\u015fmalar Hukuku S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin andla\u015fma yorumu kurallar\u0131na at\u0131f yaparak, FTA\u2019n\u0131n amac\u0131 ve konusu ba\u011flam\u0131nda yorumlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmi\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la FTA\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcne ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. [11] Hakem heyeti, FTA\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde, anla\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131 olarak, \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 ve muhafazas\u0131 ile tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde, i\u015f planlamas\u0131 ve yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir ticari \u00e7er\u00e7eve sa\u011flaman\u0131n belirtildi\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [12] Hakem heyeti, b\u00f6ylece, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birinin di\u011ferine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verecek anlamda yorumlanmamas\u0131 ve bu iki amac\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 birbirlerini destekleyerek ve birlikte var olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [13] Heyet, devam\u0131nda ba\u015fka gerek\u00e7eler de ileri s\u00fcrerek, ilgili istisna h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn, FTA\u2019n\u0131n asgari muamele standard\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen 805. maddesini ihlal etti\u011fini saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kolombiya\u2019y\u0131, sorumluluktan kurtarmayaca\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. [14] Halbuki bu anla\u015fmadaki gibi istisna h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, devletleri tazminat \u00f6deme sorumlulu\u011fundan kurtarmak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [15] Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle: \u201cGenel istisnalar devletlerin kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamu d\u00fczeni gibi baz\u0131 durumlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri eylemlerden dolay\u0131 sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmayaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin maddelerdir<\/em>.\u201d [16]<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column_text]Heyetin istisna h\u00fckm\u00fcne dair yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yorumun ciddi hatalar bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130stisna h\u00fckm\u00fc, \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131na \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck vermesine ra\u011fmen hakem heyeti bunu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ederek karar vermi\u015ftir. [17] Yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n mevcut asimetrik formuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak yat\u0131r\u0131m tahkiminde dengeli ve adil kararlar\u0131n verilmesi amac\u0131yla imzalanan yeni jenerasyon yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlere hi\u00e7 vermeyen \u201ceski\u201d yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile benzer \u015fekilde yorumlanmas\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m tahkimine y\u00f6nelik me\u015fruluk krizi kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. [18] \u0130stisna h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, yat\u0131r\u0131m hukukuna y\u00f6nelik ters tepkiyi dindirecek bir g\u00fcce sahip olmakla birlikte hakemler taraf\u0131ndan yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik bir tarafgirlikle yorumlanmaya devam ettik\u00e7e bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 ve sadece ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalmas\u0131 da ihtimal dahilindedir.<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column_text]*Katk\u0131da Bulunan: Bet\u00fcl Karagedik (GS\u00dc Kamu Hukuku Program\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma G\u00f6revlisi)<\/i><\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/p>\n[1] Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia<\/em>,\u00a0ICSID Case No. ARB\/16\/41, 9 Eyl\u00fcl 2021, Partial Dissent of Professor Philippe Sands QC, para. 1.<\/p>\n[2] Alamos Gold Holdings Co\u00f6peratief U.A. and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V. v. Republic of Turkey<\/em>, ICSID Case No. ARB\/21\/33.<\/p>\n[3] Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia<\/em>,\u00a0Partial Dissent of Professor Philippe Sands QC, para. 28.<\/p>\n[4] Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia<\/em>, ICSID Case No. ARB\/16\/41, 9 Eyl\u00fcl 2021, Decision on Jurisdiction, Liability and Directions on Quantum, para.5.<\/p>\n[5] Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement, bkz. https:\/\/www.international.gc.ca\/trade-commerce\/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux\/agr-acc\/colombia-colombie\/fta-ale\/index.aspx?lang=eng<\/a> (eri\u015fim tarihi:26.12.2021).<\/p>\n[6] Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia<\/em>, Decision on Jurisdiction, Liability and Directions on Quantum, para.6.<\/p>\n[7] Ibid, paras. 699, 821.<\/p>\n[8] The Backlash Against Investment Arbitration: Perceptions and Reality<\/strong>, Edit\u00f6rler, Michael Waibel, Asha Kaushal, Kwo-Hwa Chung, Claire Balchin, Kluwer Law International, 2010.<\/p>\n[9] Tarald Laudal Berge, Wolfgang Alschner, \u201cReforming Investment Treaties: Does treaty design matter?\u201d, 17 Ekim 2018, bkz. https:\/\/iisd.org\/itn\/2018\/10\/17\/reforming-investment-treaties-does-treaty-design-matter-tarald-laudal-berge-wolfgang-alschner\/<\/a> (eri\u015fim tarihi: 26.12.2021); Bet\u00fcl Karagedik, Uluslararas\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Hukukunda Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong>, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2021, s.128.<\/p>\n[10] \u201c3. For the purposes of Chapter Eight (Investment), subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner that constitute arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between investment or between investors, or a disguised restriction on international trade or investment, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent a Party from adopting or enforcing measures necessary: a. To protect human, animal or plant life or health, which the Parties understand to include environmental measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life and health;\u2026<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n[11] Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia<\/em>, Decision on Jurisdiction, Liability and Directions on Quantum, paras. 827, 828.<\/p>\n[12] Ibid, para.828.<\/p>\n[13] Ibid.<\/p>\n[14] \u201cAccordingly, the Tribunal does not find that Article 2201(3) operates to exclude Colombia\u2019s liability to pay compensation to Eco Oro for its damages suffered as a result of Colombia\u2019s breach of Article 805<\/em>.\u201d, Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia, <\/em>ibid, para. 837.<\/p>\n[15] \u201cInstead, the tribunal waved away the exception altogether, deciding that, even if the exception applies to a measure, \u201cthis does not prevent an investor claiming \u2026 that such a measure entitles it to the payment of compensation<\/em>.\u201d\u201d, J. Benton Heath, \u201cEco Oro and the twilight of policy exceptionalism\u201d, 20 Aral\u0131k 2021, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/itn\/en\/2021\/12\/20\/eco-oro-and-the-twilight-of-policy-exceptionalism\/<\/a> (eri\u015fim tarihi: 26.12.2021).<\/p>\n[16] Baver Mazlum Mert, \u201cCovid-19 Salg\u0131n\u0131 Sebebiyle Milletleraras\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Tahkimine Konu Olabilecek \u0130ddia ve Savunmalar\u201d, Public and Private International Law Bulletin<\/strong>, 2020, Volume: 40, No: 2, 937\u2013963, s.957.<\/p>\n[17] Wolfgang Alschner, 15 Eyl\u00fcl 2021, bkz. https:\/\/twitter.com\/w_alschner\/status\/1438242864874627073?t=Efs3RTsRg1kloe5rpA85yQ&s=08<\/a> (eri\u015fim tarihi:26.12.2021).<\/p>\n[18] Jimena Sierra, \u201cIs the Arbitral Award in the Eco Oro v Colombia Dispute \u201cBad Law\u201d?\u201d, 11 Kas\u0131m 2021, https:\/\/www.afronomicslaw.org\/index.php\/category\/analysis\/arbitral-award-eco-oro-v-colombia-dispute-bad-law<\/a> (eri\u015fim tarih: 26.12.2021).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” bg_image_animation=”none”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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